The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), launched by NASA on April 28, 2003, on a Pegasus XL rocket from a L-1011 aircraft into a nearly circular Earth orbit, is an orbiting space telescope for observing tens of millions of star-forming galaxies in ultraviolet (UV) light across 10 billion years of cosmic history, 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang. Searching for January 4 on the NASA Hubble birthday site reveals an incredible image of Saturn taken in infrared by Hubble in 1998, which would have been Newton's 355th birthday. Its robotic arm will dig into an icy layer believed to lie just beneath the Martian surface. Formerly known as SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility) and launched on August 24, 2003, the Spitzer Space Telescope is the fourth and final element in NASA's family of Great Observatories and represents an important scientific and technical bridge to NASA's Astronomical Search for Origins program. Titan is the second largest moon in the solar system and is about 50 percent larger than Earth's moon. The main event in 2007 for NASAs Mars program was the launch of yet another unmanned exploration probe, Phoenix, to the Red Planet, joining five other spacecraft currently studying Mars: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Express, Mars Odyssey, and two Mars Exploration Rovers. Ulysses firsts include: First direct measurements of interstellar dust and neutral helium gas, first measurements of rare cosmic-ray isotopes, first surveys of the space environment above and below the solar poles, first measurements of so-called pickup ions of both interstellar and near-Sun origin, first in-situ observations of comet tails at large distances from the Sun, and first observations of particles from solar storms over the solar poles. The Sun Earth Connection Coronal By end-2007, the twin Mars rovers were 46 months into missions originally planned to last three months. It is awash in a sea of cosmic neutrinos, almost weightless sub-atomic particles which move around at nearly the speed of light, passing through us by the millions every second. Image of the Day Atmosphere Heat Land Water Human Presence Remote Sensing. Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) instrument onboard the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO . In another discovery, astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away. Iceberg A-80A was the largest, measuring about 19 kilometers (19 nautical miles) long and 17 kilometers (9 nautical miles) wide. United States military space organizations continued their efforts to make space a routine part of military operations across all service lines. 08/01/2023. Melroy and ISS Exp. Today's VIS image shows the complete length of two channels in northern Terra Sirenum. The Orion Crew Exploration Cehicle, which sits atop Ares I, is being built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems of Denver, put under contract in August 2006. The smaller galaxy apparently has swung into the path of this jet. MRO is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. This information is providing the first global measurements of cloud properties that will help scientists compile a database of cloud measurements, aiding in global climate and weather prediction models. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. However, the objective of the 4th spacewalk changed in order to repair a solar array, inadvertently torn during deployment, and the 5th spacewalk was transferred to the station crew to perform after the shuttles departure. The ninth launch, a failure, was the second Falcon-1 rocket from SpaceX, with an USAF Demo payload. Phoenix will be the first mission to touch the planet's water-ice. The star, named Mira after the Latin word for "wonderful," has been a favorite of astronomers for about 400 years. During the 2nd spacewalk, a 360-degree visual inspection of the stations starboard solar alpha rotary joint (SARJ) was added, which had shown increased friction for some time. NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. This is because the ion propulsion system will operate for thousands of days, instead of the minutes during which the Delta performs. Today, Brandon has refused to run. Highly complementary with CloudSat, the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite continued in 2007 to provide new insight into the role that clouds and atmospheric aerosols (airborne particles) play in regulating Earth's weather, climate, and air quality. 16. In yet another stunning imagery of its radar instrument, the spacecraft found evidence for seas, likely filled with liquid methane or ethane, in the high northern latitudes of Saturn's moon Titan. These data have now been officially incorporated into the NOAA National Weather Service operational weather forecasts. At end-2007, after almost four times its expected mission lifetime, the venerabvle spacecraft was approaching the end of its operations. Auras design life is five years with an operational goal of six years. At the time of this posting, the cause of the fires was not known. Shuttle Discovery launched on October 23 (11:38am EDT) on ISS Mission 10A, the 23rd assembly flight, with the crew of Commander Pamela Melroy, Pilot George Zamka and Mission Specialists Scott Parazynski, Doug Wheelock, Stephanie Wilson, Paolo Nespoli (ESA/Italy), and FE Daniel Tani who replaced Clay Anderson als ISS Flight Engineer for Exp. The black hole is part of a binary system in M33, a nearby galaxy about 3 million light years from Earth. In February 2007, it had already surpassed the record for the most science data returned by any Mars spacecraft. On November 17, 2006, the spacecraft reached another important milestone on its epic out-of-ecliptic journey: the start of the third passage over the Sun's south pole. The Andromeda Galaxy is located nearly 2.5 million light-years away from Earth. The scientists combined atmospheric models with actual measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in Earth's lower atmosphere. An extra day was added to the mission between the 4th & 5th spacewalks to provide the crew off-duty time and equipment preparation for the 5th EVA. . Voyager 1 is escaping the solar system at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year and Voyager 2 is covering about 3.3 AU per year. And beyond. Both Voyagers are still working, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. After undocking on 8/19 (7:57am EDT), Endeavour landed on Runway 15 at KSC at 12:32 pm on the first opportunity after deorbit. In addition, the Dawn spacecraft and how it orbits Vesta and Ceres will be used to measure the celestial bodies' masses and gravity fields. They have provided a broad, beautiful picture, showing how humans have shaped the planet and lit up the darkness. Its supply of liquid helium for radiative-cryogenic cooling was estimated post-launch to last for about 5.8 years, assuming optimized operation. Launched on March 17, 2002, on a Russian Rockot carrier, the twin satellites GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), named "Tom" and "Jerry", in 2007 continued to map the Earth's gravity fields by taking accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using Global Positioning System (GPS) and a microwave ranging system. During its first Venus flyby, no scientific observations were made since Venus was at superior conjunction, placing it on the opposite side of the sun from Earth, which resulted in a two-week radio contact blackout between the spacecraft and its operators. Consequently, main U.S. Air Force (USAF) attention in 2007 continued to be on addressing space acquisition problems such as the ones posed by the missile warning program SBIRS (Space Based Infrared System), eventually to replace the DSP-23 constellation, with some significant progress made. The multipoint spacecraft and dedicated ground observatories allowed researchers to track the development of the substorm via a proof-of-concept study demonstrating novel techniques that will be used throughout the course of the mission. The first discoveries of the dynamics of a rapidly developing substorm were presented at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco in December. Launched on shuttle mission STS-93 on July 23, 1999, the massive (12,930 lbs/5,870 kg) Chandra X-ray Observatory uses a high-resolution camera, high-resolution mirrors and a charge-coupled detector (CCD) imaging spectrometer to observe X-rays of some of the most violent phenomena in the universe which cannot be seen by the Hubble's visual-range telescope. The CMBR is the light left over from the Big Bang, bathing the whole Universe in this afterglow light. NOAA-18 has instruments used in the 1982-established international Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System, called COSPAS-SARSAT. Nothing like this has ever been seen before around a star. Before the undocking on 11/5 (5:32am EST) crew members transferred 2,020 lbs (916 kg) of equipment and scientific samples to the shuttle, including the metal shavings from the SARJ for engineers to study and try to determine the cause of resistance in the starboard rotary joint. It is the result of what happened earlier, and a backlight for the later development of the universe. A total of three Mercury flybys, each followed about two months later by a course correction maneuver, will put the spacecraft in position to enter Mercury orbit in March 2011. S71-51308 ( 113k or 741k) Researchers found that all of the jets appear to come from the four prominent tiger stripe fractures in the moon's active south polar region and, in almost every case, in the hottest areas detected by Cassini's composite and IR spectrometer. During 2007, the spacecraft were in a coast phase collecting information about the interaction of the solar wind and the Earths magnetic field. The spacewalkers also replaced the CMG for a faulty one (CMG-3) on the ISS. Its UV colors show that it is actively forming young stars. Spirit (MER-A) & Opportunity (MER-B). Evert Elzinga/AFP/Getty Images. The Pleiades, located more than 400 light-years away in the Taurus constellation, are the subject of many legends and writings. The Phoenix mission uses the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, built in 2000, but later administratively mothballed. 1980 - FLTSATCOM 3 launch. Today's VIS image shows the complete length of two channels in northern Terra Sirenum. The robot explorer will study the history of the water in the ice, monitor weather in the polar region, and investigate whether the subsurface environment in the far-northern plains of Mars has ever been favorable for sustaining microbial life. But they faced their biggest challenges yet: for nearly a month, mostly during July, a series of severe Martian summer dust storms affected Opportunity and, to a lesser extent, Spirit. WMAP has found evidence for this so-called "cosmic neutrino background" from the early universe. Astronomers used Chandra to observe a neutron star, known as RX J0822-4300, over a period of about five years. Closer to home, Hubble discovered that massive Jupiter is undergoing dramatic atmospheric changes that have never been seen before: Jupiter's turbulent clouds are always changing as they encounter atmospheric disturbances while sweeping around the planet at hundreds of miles per hour. On their way out to and back from apogee each orbit, the spacecraft routinely cross the outer boundary of the Earth's magnetic field and a shock wave that stands upstream from this boundary. On September 10, Cassini flew by Saturn's two-toned moon Iapetus and returned pictures which revealed the moon's Yin and Yang nature: a white hemisphere resembling snow, and the other as black as tar. In 2007, the Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) Office, called for by the U.S. Congress in 2006, was created under the Dept. January 17, 2023 Context image. Michael King, EOS Senior Project Scientist. The Dawn spacecraft carries 425 kilograms (937 pounds) of Xenon propellant. NASA informed that the evening after the full Moon, which is January 7, the moon will rise around 7 degrees on the other side of the bright star Pollux. Preparations have begun for a space shuttle mission to the HST in October 2008, the fourth Hubble Service Mission, for some necessary maintenance and repair work by spacewalking astronauts. CALIPSO was launched into orbit around the Earth along with CloudSat as part of the "A-train," a constellation of Earth observing satellites. The AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite mission was launched on April 25 from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), Calif., on a Pegasus-XL launch vehicle to its orbit 600 km (373 miles) above Earth. Anyone interested in supporting a good cause, call 757-864-1296. NASA and NOAA scientists, working with experimental data from Aquas Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, a high-spectral resolution infrared instrument that takes 3-D pictures of atmospheric temperatures, water vapor and trace gases, are conducting research on improving the accuracy of medium-range weather forecasts in the Northern Hemisphere. Bonjour: la Station Spatiale Internationale sera visible l'il nu aujourd'hui (dans un ciel sans nuage) 18h40 partout . Get access to our automated daily newsletter, both of our premium newsletters and our premium news stories. The increased use of satellites for communications, observations, and through the GPS navigation and high-precision weapons targeting was and is of decisive importance for the military command structure. The Voyager missions, now in their 31st year, continue their quest to push the bounds of space exploration. A handful of fires in the Bo-Bo region of Chile were detected by the MODIS on NASA's Aqua satellite on January 13, 2007. Published Apr 12, 2017. Dust in the atmosphere over Opportunity blocked 99% of direct sunlight to the rover, leaving only limited and diffuse sky light to power it. 2017-08-17: Moon: Terra: MISR: 600x675x1: PIA21876: being swept away from the Sun by the NASA's MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging), launched on August 3, 2004, aboard a Delta-2 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, is scheduled to become the first spacecraft to orbit the planet Mercury, beginning in 2011. Astronomers using the HST have discovered a ghostly ring of dark matter in the galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17 that formed long ago during a titanic collision between two massive galaxy clusters. Privacy Policy and Important Notices The two main origin hypotheses for the arcs are that they really are close to Andromeda ( M31 ), or that they are just coincidentally placed gas filaments in our Milky Way galaxy. They have increased in brightness over time, are being seen more often and appear to be occurring at lower latitudes than ever before. Satellite images of Earth at night have been a curiosity for the public and a tool of fundamental research for at least 25 years. Voyager 1 is literally venturing into the great unknown and is approaching interstellar space. Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. The new observations collected from CloudSat combined with other A-Train observations are beginning to shed new understanding on important climate processes, in particular about (1) cloud changes in the polar regions, and the effects of these changes on the energy balance of the Arctic, their relation to weather changes and their role in sea ice change, (2) how frequently clouds rain and how much rain falls over the global oceans - thus offering insight into processes critical to the cycling of fresh water, and (3) how properties of clouds AND precipitation together change with increasing aerosol, thus offering new insights into how aerosol might indirectly affect climate. Carried into space on 6 October 1990 by the space shuttle Discovery (STS-41), the Ulysses spacecraft has already travelled an amazing 7 billion km and at this time is still going strong. During 2007, ACE continued to observe, determine and compare the isotopic and elemental composition of several distinct samples of matter, including the solar corona, the interplanetary medium, the local interstellar medium and galactic matter. During that span, three Chandra observations clearly show the neutron star moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant, a stellar debris field created during the same explosion in which the neutron star was created about 3700 years ago. CloudSat will complete its 22-month prime mission in 2008 (February 27), possibly to go into an extended mission phase. 1976 - CTS launch. 04.17.15 - Kepler Planet Candidates, January 2014. In 2007, at end-April, GALEX celebrated its fourth year in space with some of the "hottest" stars of the M81 spiral galaxy. It is not clear which spacecraft will be first, even though Voyager 1 is about 20 AU farther from the Sun than its sister spacecraft. Data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory show both galaxies contain supermassive black holes at their centers, but the larger galaxy has a jet emanating from the vicinity of its black hole. Operators were encountering some noisy housekeeping telemetry, with no significant impact on science data. These two icons of the Asteroid Belt have been witness to much of our solar system's history. In July, NASA signed a $1.2 billion sole-source contract with Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne for the development of the J-2X engines that will power the upper stage of the Ares I crew launch vehicle and Ares V, its heavy-lift follow-on. Atlantis delivered two major truss segments, S3/S4, to the station. Launched in May 2002, the 1750 kg (3858 lb) NASA satellite Aqua, formerly named EOS PM (signifying its afternoon equatorial crossing time), carrying six instruments weighing 1082 kg (2385 lb) designed to collect information on water-related activities worldwide, has been circling Earth in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit of 438 miles (705 km) altitude. Another breakthrough derived from WMAP data is clear evidence the first stars took more than a half-billion years to create a cosmic fog. Ulysses is engaged in the exploration of the heliosphere, the bubble in space blown out by the solar wind. Working like a cuff link, the wire was fed by Parazynski through a hole on the solar array to repair the tear successfully, allowing the full unfurling of the array and restoring full power generation for the station. The star cluster IC348 can be seen . Spirit has recorded dust devils forming and moving. After the two satellites switched position, a special data collection campaign for the inter-satellite separation between about 70 km and about 170 km got underway. The newcomer SpaceX sustained the second failure of its new Falcon 1 rocket during ascent to orbit on March 21 for the USAF. The Voyager 2 spacecraft has followed its twin into the solar system's final frontier, a vast region at the edge of our solar system where the solar wind runs up against the thin gas between the stars, but has taken took a different path. At approximately 800 meters (half a mile) wide and 70 meters (230 feet) deep, it is the largest crater the rover has visited. javascript is enabled. The mission continued to produce data at record levels. But it saw nothing smaller than Adrastea, a 16-kilometer-wide resident of Jupiter's faint ring system. Since its Jupiter flyby in 1992, Ulysses has been in a six-year orbit around the sun. ion tail of This grouping of two test rovers and a flight spare provides a graphic comparison of three generations of Mars rovers developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. . Afterwards, the spacecraft pointed its instruments and UHF relay antenna properly toward Mars, to resume relaying communications from the Mars rovers and using its own science instruments. Some significant Space Events in 2007. The AIM data are of very high quality and have changed our view of PMCs and their environment after only one northern hemisphere (NH) season of observations. In 2007, it entered the heliosheath on August 30 at a distance of 84 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun (1 AU is the distance between the Earth and Sun). The science data from GRACE consist of the inter-satellite range change measurements, and the accelerometer, GPS and attitude measurements from each satellite. Credit: SECCHI, STEREO, NRL, NASA. WMAP measures a remnant of the early universe - its oldest light. One of the many diplomatic gifts presented to the Queen was a poster commemorating John Smith's voyage of discovery in 1607 using data from Landsat 7, MODIS, and EO-1. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind. & Jerry Bonnell NASA Technical Rep.: Phil Newman Specific rights apply. NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day 17 January 2023: Andromeda Galaxy is simply riveting. The companion star also has an unusually large mass, 70 times that of the Sun. At maximum throttle, it would take Dawn's system four days to accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour. The glow from these stars created a thin fog of electrons in the surrounding gas that scatters microwaves, in much the same way fog scatters the beams from a cars headlights. To track the mysterious GRBs, Swift carries a suite of three main instruments: the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and the UltraViolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT). By combining data from Chandra and the Gemini telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, the mass of the black hole, known as M33 X-7, was determined to be 15.7 times that of the Sun. As with all channels in this region - including Mangala Valles - the flow is northward into the low elevation region south of Amazonis Mensa. The second encounter offered opportunities for new observations of Venus's atmosphere, cloud structure, and space environment. Incorporating the instrument's data into numerical weather prediction models improves the accuracy range of experimental six-day Northern Hemisphere weather forecasts by up to six hours, a four-percent increase. The Small Magellanic Cloud is classified as a dwarf galaxy and is one of the closest galaxies . By end-2007, data analysis was still underway, and an agreement was reached with NASA to extend the data analysis phase through September 2008 and probably beyond. With the objective to improve weather forecasting and monitor environmental events around the world, NOAA-18 continued in 2007 to collect data about the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Because massive stars are thought to gather at a globular cluster's core, astronomers assumed that most newly minted white dwarfs dwelled near the center. Dawn uses ion propulsion for years at a time, with interruptions of only a few hours each week to turn to point its antenna to Earth. and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) instrument onboard the Atmosphere Land Human Presence Remote Sensing The comet tail is seen to extend at least seven degrees across the A few days later, spacecraft and instruments were brought back to normal operations. 2007 saw three shuttle flights, bringing the total number of shuttle missions since inception to 120. solar wind After NASA formally extended the operational mission of Chandra from five years to 10 years in September 2001 (including the science grants that fund astronomers to analyze their data and publish their results), in 2007 Chandra astronomers discovered one of the fastest moving stars ever seen, a cosmic cannonball that is challenging theories to explain its blistering speed. Later, GOES-N is aimed at becoming the primary U.S. hurricane-monitoring spacecraft. A new test stand for rocket engines is being built at NASA's Stennis Space Center (SSC) in Mississippi. Astronomers then noticed what looked like a comet with a gargantuan tail. Its flyby of Jupiter was a special highlight of 2007. The first science observations from the spacecraft were obtained on March 23, during a disturbance in the Earths magnetic field known as a substorm. M33 X-7 orbits a companion star that eclipses the black hole every three and a half days. By 6/15, Yurchikhin and Kotov got two of three lanes in both computers running after bepassing, with external cabling, what appeared to be a faulty power switch, and on 6/18, the Russian partners were able to demonstrate the stations ability to maintain attitude control, enabling the shuttles departure. Get access to our automated daily newsletter and our premium news stories. Among the rovers' many other accomplishments: Opportunity has analyzed a series of exposed rock layers recording how environmental conditions changed during the times when the layers were deposited and later modified: wind-blown dunes coming and going, water table fluctuating. Both rovers have found metallic meteorites on Mars. A stunning image . The year 2007 has been a roller coaster ride for the Swift mission. Launched on January 12, 2003, on a Delta-2 Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) into a near polar orbit at an altitude of 600 km with an inclination of 94 degrees, the spacecraft in 2007 continued to provide data from its one instrument,- the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). Text Size. Click on a picture and discover the cosmos! It is significantly younger than our 5-billion-year-old sun. The spacecraft's engines use a unique, hyper-efficient system called ion propulsion, which uses electricity to ionize Xenon gas to generate thrust. (NASA/Yann Sainty/Marcel Drechsler) Voyager 2 actually crossed the boundary five times and was directly observed (unlike Voyager 1) making the passage three of those times. Astronomy Picture of the Day Calendar . Its telescope has a basic design similar to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), but while HST views the sky in exquisite detail in a narrow field of view - like a grain of sand held at arm's length - GALEX is tailored to view hundreds of galaxies in each observation. Phoenix. Since then, the ISS has been occupied by astronauts carrying out multiple experiments. Jan. 29, 2007 . Launch activities in the United States in 2007 showed a robust increase from the previous year. Docking at the station was on 6/10 at 3:36pm, and the station crew increased to ten occupants. In fact, material blowing off Mira is forming a wake 13 light-years long, or about 20,000 times the average distance of Pluto from the sun. Astronomer Noel Munford reports that the five second long digital camera exposure comes close to capturing the visual appearance . January 17. As the spacecraft lingered in Saturn's shadow, it viewed the planet's rings as never before, revealing . The work, done at KSC, included addition of a glass cockpit, a Global Positioning System (GPS) for landing and the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) which allows the Orbiter to draw power from the space station, enabling an extended stay for the mission,- 14 days in this case. The three 30-centimeter-wide (12-inch) ion thrusters provide less power than conventional engines but can maintain thrust for months at a time. NASA Web Science Data are downlinked using an X-band transmitter system which is part of the payload. Pre-Flight Crew and Equipment Photos. Mars Odyssey. January 17, 2012. The adventurers' current mission, the Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM), will thus explore the outermost edge of the Sun's domain. Images taken by a camera onboard the spacecraft revealed a series of eight propeller-shaped "wakes" in a thin belt of the outermost "A" ring, indicating the presence of corresponding moonlets. Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS): Through five new Space Act agreements, NASA signed unfunded agreements with SpaceDev, SPACEHAB, Transformational Space, PlanetSpace, and Constellation International, which indicated interest in developing orbital cargo transportation capabilities. On August 2, 2005, MESSENGER returned to Earth for a gravity boost. The resulting document, "The Global Exploration Strategy: The Framework for Coordination," (see link, below) reflects a shared vision of space exploration focused on solar system destinations where humans may someday live and work. The $720 million spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin under the supervision of NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Because Voyager 2 crossed the heliosheath boundary, called the solar wind termination shock, about 16 billion kilometers (10 billion miles) away from Voyager 1 and almost 1.6 billion kilometers (one billion miles) closer to the Sun, it confirmed that our solar system is squashed or dented that the bubble carved into interstellar space by the solar wind is not perfectly round. The farther it ventures from the sun, the colder the spacecraft becomes, but its heating capability is running out: Ulysses is powered by the decay of a radioactive isotope, and over its 17-plus years, the power has been steadily dropping. , after almost four times its expected mission lifetime, the venerabvle was. Brief explanation written by a professional astronomer explanation written by a professional astronomer maintain thrust for at. 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