In November, VW said it had found "irregularities" in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that could affect about 800,000 cars in Europe - including petrol vehicles. In short, no. What did Volkswagen do to the Environmental Protection Agency? A Division of NBCUniversal. "However, in Europe the impact could be much more significant, leading to a large tranche of the market switching to petrol engine cars virtually overnight. Cash stood at 27.18 bn. They can't be sold until VW comes up with a way to bring those vehicles into compliance with state emissions laws. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. These 30 vehicles are priced at less than $30,000. Comments? In Europe, where diesel-powered passenger cars are more common, the VW diesel scandal and reports of widespread flaunting of emissions rules by other automakers is likely to dramatically reduce the regions appetite for diesels. Any cars that the company buys back must be rendered inoperable if they cannot be modified to meet standards, or if is not cost effective to do so. That dwarfs Ponzi and Madoff combined.". VWs response to this was short and quick, denying that they had installed any software that would alter emissions characteristics. They are upset that the brand they invested in, the brand they counted on, failed them," he said. The scandal resulted in customers switching to its competitors disabling the sales of Volkswagen vehicles (Kottasova, 2015). October will provide a better indicator of the scandal's effect in the showroom. If reducing a unit of pollution saves us money, then adding a unit of pollution would cost us. Christian Klingler, a management board member and head of sales and marketing is leaving the company, although VW said this was part of long-term planned structural changes and was not related to recent events. VW then admitted it had used engine software to rig results. This staggering sum hints at the scope of the consequences of just one case of corporate cheating. profit (after having provisioned $22.6 bn. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Follow INSEAD Knowledge onTwitterandFacebook. VW insisted his departure was not linked to the emissions crisis. Porsche's and Volkswagen's major fields of operations, sources of revenue and development of their finances. The vehicles involved in the diesel emissions scandal contain a defeat device in their software that allows emissions control systems to be deactivated, or their functions reduced, when the vehicle is driven on the road. The VW scandal led many consumers to shun VW specifically. How did Volkswagen respond to the emission scandal? The German car manufacturer's manipulation of its emissions in some of its diesel cars has rocked the company and resulted in the resignation of its chief executive, Martin Winterkorn. Since BMW and Mercedes-Benz continued to sell such vehicles after the scandal, this force was to their detriment. manufacturing defect. Seven in ten said theyhad afavorable opinion of the brandbefore the scandal erupted. Volkswagen (VW) is a German-based automobile company, which manufactures and sells cars in over 153 countries across the globe. Kalafer wants answers from top executives at VW headquarters in Germany. Would an Indian company like Tata have even survived this kind of scandal? The Volkswagen Group funds cultural institutions and projects, initiates and supports sustainability projects worldwide, gets involved in resolving social issues, and develops and manages long-term partnerships with key stakeholders. Volkswagen Group of America CEO Michael Hornand the EPA are both scheduled to testify duringan Oct. 8 Housesubcommittee investigation. finds owners are worried about environmental impact of their vehicles and expect cash payouts. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Just as expected, Volkswagen faced a severe decline in revenue since the diesel cheat scandal. Considering that one in every five cars worldwide carries a German brand, and Volkswagen is the highest-selling automaker in the world volume-wise, this scandal could have far-reaching consequences. All work is written to order. VW will recall 8.5 million cars in Europe, including 2.4 million in Germany and 1.2 million in the UK, and 500,000 in the US as a result of the emissions scandal. Over $300 billion of these products have been sold in Europe, $15 billion [in] the United States. NO2 is a dangerous air pollutant in its own right, as it can cause respiratory damages. In fact, given how this scandal has everybody raising their eyebrows at the previously trusted and respected German engineering, the blow to the countrys largest automotive company could, in turn, hurt the countrys economic growth. Both these issues are affected by the scandal. No wonder the carmaker's shares have fallen by about a third since the scandal broke. Throughout the world, politicians, regulators and environmental groups are questioning the legitimacy of VW's emissions testing. When the cars were operating under controlled laboratory conditions - which typically involve putting them on a stationary test rig - the device appears to have put the vehicle into a sort of safety mode in which the engine ran below normal power and performance. "They took a pretty big hit here in terms of consumer perception," Kelley Blue Book analyst Alec Gutierrez said in a conference call. For instance, a VW commercial from 2014 stated: Everyone knows that the best cars in the world come from Germany, concluding Isnt it time for German engineering? Whether explicitly or implicitly, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Smart have, too, relied on this association of quality deeply ingrained in the minds of consumers. Questions? How were the colonist able to beat the trained British soldiers? Volkswagen could face a considerable loss in future sales, especially of diesel vehicles, due to the dented brand image, and a loss in customer trust and perception all of which could play into the hands of its rivals. The longer a firm has been sharing a collective reputation, the more it should have a plan to handle the fallout should things turn sour. All Rights Reserved. Diesel sales were already slowing, so the VW scandal came at a bad time. VW's stock price took a beating in September after Bloomberg reported that the U.S. Department of Justice is contemplating a fine that will be massively punitive while stopping short of putting the brand out of business. VW has also launched an internal inquiry. In sum, the public largely understood that the scandal was limited to VW, but nevertheless grew lukewarm about the other German carmakers, supporting the notion of a collective reputation. With incidents of corporate misconduct never far from the headlines, the philosophical question of whether firms should assume responsibility for individuals actions has practical consequences. Analysis of Twitter sentiment showed that consumers perceptions of non-VW German carmakers dimmed in the aftermath of the scandal. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Although to save money, VW made it seem that way by compromising high emission levels as a result. With more than 480,000 cars affected, estimates have ranged from, A number of previous studies have examined the, Ozone and fine particles are known to cause serious human problems. Who is responsible for VW emissions scandal? Winfried Vahland, the head of the VW-owned Skoda brand, was due to become head of a newly formed North America arm, bringing together its businesses in the US, Canada and Mexico. We look at them in detail and compare them head to head in every aspect, including fuel economy and price. The settlement expected to be approved on October 25 provides owners of the approximately 475,000 2.0-liter Audi and Volkswagen TDIs in the U.S. the option to have their cars retrofitted with a yet-to-be-approved emissions fix or to have Volkswagen buy their car back at the cars value just prior to the time that the scandal broke. the lives lost from the scandal have been discussed in the media. In Europe, the Volkswagen Group has done nothing. While that may be the most economically advantageous strategy, it also maximizes the environmental damage causes by your cars excessive emissions. It is important to note that the emission scandal didnt have anything to do with the cars overall performance (Sapozhnikov, 2018). Terms & Conditions. ", Environmental campaigners have long argued that emissions rules are being flouted. For Volkswagen, the emission scandal that broke out in 2016, resulted in a civil settlement of about $15 billion, which makes it one of the most expensive settlements in the history of the car industry (The Star's Editors, 2016). In November, VW said it had found "irregularities" in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that could affect about 800,000 cars in Europe - including petrol vehicles. that its diesel cars are equipped with defeat-device software that detects when emissions tests are taking place and cranks up pollution controls so that the cars will pass. Powered and implemented by Interactive Data Managed Solutions. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We ranked the best luxury 7-passenger vehicles for 2023. You don't have to break the bank or get a lengthy auto loan to get a great car. 1. Volkswagen of America knows it will have work hard to win back the trust of customers, as well as dealers like Kalafer. Altogether, we estimate that the VW scandal reduced the US sales of BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Smart the non-VW German carmakers present in the US by about 105,000 vehicles worth US$5.2 billion (based on the list prices), in the 12 months following the scandal that erupted in September 2015. How did the Volkswagen scandal affect sales? The U.S. government has urged the company to recall roughly 482,000 Volkswagen and Audi cars using the software. With more than 480,000 cars affected, estimates have ranged from 10,000 to 40,000 tons of extra NOx released in the United States. Save on your monthly payments! In 2014, the year before the scandal, Germany was by far the largest vehicle exporter in the world, with a 22.7 percent market share in dollars, according to UN Comtrade. They can make all the buyback programs in the world to try and compensate customers, but the fact of the matter is they lied. In an increasingly competitive environment, strong consumer trust is more important than ever. Your favourite retailer cant give you same-day delivery, at least not soon, Austin Retail Space Underestimating Retail Lease Mistakes https://t.co/62GzI8dqlt, $250 Million Digital Securities Offering for the Mining Sector with KoreConX, Lets Kick a Beat with Jim Dallke of Chicago Inno, Broadband Buildout Helps Hometowns Feel Like Home, Matt Stoller: How To Fix The Airline Industrys Structural Problems | Breaking Points, How data can change marketing in the financial sector. Ferdinand Porsche founded the firm in the 1930s with the objective of manufacturing and selling cars in Germany (Buiga, 2012). Some 64% of vehicle owners said they don't trust Volkswagen now. for only $13.00 $11.05/page. This led to a decline of almost 10% in BMWs stock, before a rally of 5% on Thursday as BMW denied this report. I actually disagree with this research and believe it does a dangerous assumption that changing attitude/ perception has a direct effect on sales. The two other options vehicle owners could choose from included a reparation or doing nothing. What could the dieselgate scandal cost Volkswagen? It's too early to tell whether the automaker is piling on extra incentives to sell cars in the wake of the scandal, analysts said. Actual emissions from affected cars were reported to be 10-40 times higher as discovered by a U.S. nongovernmental organization working with researchers from West Virginia University. A decades-long broken economy screwed over millennials, and their decision to delay having kids is fueling Americas CA Notice at Collection and Privacy Notice, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. According to our estimates, non-VW German automakers lost sales to the tune of US$26.5 billion due to this adverse effect. A lot of jobs could be at risk at the company, not only related to the emissions scandal, but also if future sales take a considerable hit. There is resounding support for this consumer class settlement and the substantial benefits it provides. Another consequence of this fraud is the impact that pollution from those vehicles that have not complied with the law in terms of emissions has had on the environment and the health of people . Most owners or lessees will also receive cash payments of between $5,100 and approximately $10,000. "It is the biggest fraud I have ever seen in all of business. For example, the EPAs BenMAP software is an open-source program that estimates the health impacts from changes in air quality compared with a baseline. We discovered a decrease in consumers taste for diesel vehicles. The unprecedented plea deal formalized the punishment which Volkswagen had agreed to. "In the US, the diesel car market currently represents around 1% of all new car sales and this is unlikely to increase in the short to medium term. Of course, the public also paid dearly: Dutch researchers valued the health damage caused by the VW fraud at US$39 billion, or 45,000 disability-adjusted life-years due to the added pollution created by the rigged diesel cars. In further developments, VW has admitted that US regulators are examining an additional piece of suspect software in its 2016 diesel vehicles. Volkswagen classified its vehicles as meeting so-called, U.S. nongovernmental organization working with researchers from West Virginia University, In practice, the total amount of excess pollution from each tailpipe will depend on the driving conditions for example, whether vehicles were driven on highways or city streets as well as how many miles were driven by these cars, and under what conditions and temperatures. Germany manufacturers have historically leveraged the broader reputation of German engineering in their advertising and marketing. This is perfectly normal. However, in the case that these companies are cleared, they might benefit from Volkswagens misery. Ozone and fine particles are known to cause serious human problems. On the bright side, sales did not fall as far as they could have. [43] Muller expects the recall of millions of VWs, including almost a half million in the U.S., to begin in January. The company will also have to face lawsuits from its dealers, who have suffered depressed sales since the scandal broke. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Introduction. A total of 96% stated that fuel efficiency was an important factor in buying the diesel vehicle, while 90% said it was the seemingly limited environmental impact. The German car giant has since admitted cheating emissions tests in the US. So, if other European carmakers' results are suspect, Bernstein says the "consequences are likely to be a change in the test cycle rather than legal action and fines". The brand was already having a hard time in the U.S., in part because of a lack of bigger vehicles amid low gas prices. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. The cheating software means that the company's diesel cars are emitting harmful pollutants at rates of up to 40 times acceptable U.S. standards. the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found, US porn star declared unfit for sex crimes trial, Jeremy Renner TV show poster edited after accident, Celebrities who say their children will get no inheritance, Germany: We are no longer reliant on Russian energy, City asks Madonna if it can borrow her painting, Keep cake away from office, says food adviser. S&P Index data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors. The VW scandal led many consumers to shun VW specifically. *You can also browse our support articles here >. But VW has admitted that about 11 million cars worldwide, including eight million in Europe, are fitted with the so-called "defeat device". The scandal was nicknamed Dieslegate. Owners who were affected by this corporate wrongdoing were angry and looking for justice. In itself, this development was good news for all automakers, save for VW, of course. What Kalafer wants is a complete account of how this could happen. Approximately 46% (~274,000 individuals) of Volkswagens near 600,000 workforce is employed in Germany. Dubbed Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, the scandal saw VW admit that it had cheated on lab emissions testing for years, making its diesel cars appear up to 40 times less polluting than they actually were. with mortality rates. However, in. Still, the brand is struggling. Martin Winterkorn's position became untenable after he lost the support of key shareholders, Buyers may start to wonder if they can believe carmakers' claims for emissions levels. The UK, Italy, France, South Korea, Canada and, of course, Germany, have opened investigations. In 2015, the company confessed to cheating emissions tests on 11 million vehicles across the globe. Certainly is. But what we know about NOx in the atmosphere is clear: Every excess ton emitted can have detrimental effects on peoples health, and those illnesses have a cost to individuals and society. FORTUNE may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The automotive sector is the largest industry sector in Germany. FORTUNE is a trademark of Fortune Media IP Limited, registered in the U.S. and other countries. Since BMW and Mercedes-Benz continued to sell such vehicles after the scandal, this force was to their detriment. gives Volkswagen a formal notice of violation. The EPA study noted above used BenMAP to value the health burden per ton of NOx emitted from on-road sources at $7,300 using its VSL estimates. However, thats just a fraction of what Dieselgate will eventually cost the company, not just in the U.S., but around the world. But combined with other atmospheric pollutants, NOx can form even more dangerous pollutants: ozone and particulate matter. A VW spokesman confirmed that the company reported the device last week to the Environmental Protection Agency, which discovered the initial defeat device that allowed the company to cheat emissions tests. That's not enough for Kalafer. The company received a lot of backlash and was reprimanded by In a spillover effect, many consumers decided to stay away from all German automakers due to their collective reputation. The company received a lot of backlash and was reprimanded by government agencies, but did it affect sale performance? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in size, small enough to be inhaled deep into the lungs, are of most concern for health and are referred to as PM2.5. Volkswagen has suffered reliability issues prior to the emissions scandal surfacing, specifically in its high-volume four- and five-cylinder engines that power cars like the Passat and Jetta. 2023 BBC. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. The upheaval at the top management level has begun, with the resignation of Martin Winterkorn as CEO, and induction of Porsche boss Matthias Mller as the new CEO, and the anticipated removal of other senior executives, particularly those heading the U.S. operating unit. It does not store any personal data. Given that the value of the car is frozen at its value just prior to the scandal breaking, some have suggested keeping your car right up to the deadline, according to a story by Green Car Reports. The EPA has the power to fine a company up to $37,500 for each vehicle that breaches standards - a maximum fine of about $18bn. However, the letters state that the company is still working on its plans and another letter will be sent when these are confirmed. What started in the US has spread to a growing number of countries. This article has been updated to correct the level of NOx emissions allowed by EPA rules and the estimate of grams emitted by car. The Volkswagen shares were heavily sanctioned by financial markets and lost some 30% of their value in 2 days. One vehicle that the U.S. might see is a new small electric van, inspired by the Budd-e concept vehicle shown at 2016s Consumer Electronics Show. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this assignment and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! See the links below for more information and analysis: View Interactive Institutional Research (Powered by Trefis): Global Large Cap | U.S. The company has also been accused by the EPA of modifying software on the 3 litre diesel engines fitted to some Porsche and Audi as well as VW models. Both of these pollutants can lead to premature deaths. 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What are the health impacts of this excess pollution? The current estimate for VSL, which is adjusted every year, is about $9 million. Moving past the American response, 470,000 German car owners filed a lawsuit against VW hoping to receive compensation due to the scandal. If those vehicles had complied with federal pollution standards, they would have emitted just 1,039 tons per year. It has been more than a year since the automotive world was rocked by the Volkswagen diesel scandal. The pollutants that Volkswagen failed to effectively control are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are collectively known as NOx. This article originally appeared on The Conversation. Apart from the company, the recent revelations could also have negative implications on other companies, and, in general, on Germanys automotive sector. When Kalafar looks at his unsold TDI clean diesels, he finds it ironic Volkswagen spent years preaching the virtues of clean diesel engines. In the wake of the scandal, 86% of VW drivers are concerned about the environmental impact of their car, while 83% questioned the impact on its resale value and 73% feared the performance of their vehicle would be affected. New Cars, Corona Virus and Getting a Great Deal. More than half of the VW customers said they had been put off from buying a VW diesel car in the future. In 2015, Volkswagen was . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. bil. In practice, the total amount of excess pollution from each tailpipe will depend on the driving conditions for example, whether vehicles were driven on highways or city streets as well as how many miles were driven by these cars, and under what conditions and temperatures. Latest scientific evidence suggests that's not the case, and there are even moves to limit diesel cars in some cities. , it also maximizes the environmental damage causes by your cars excessive emissions consumer trust is more important ever! 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Opinion of the scandal have been discussed in the aftermath of the consequences of just one case corporate... What Kalafer wants answers from top executives at VW headquarters in Germany trained British soldiers sentiment... Than 480,000 cars affected, estimates have ranged from 10,000 to 40,000 tons extra. 8 Housesubcommittee investigation back the trust of customers, as it can cause respiratory.... The two other options vehicle owners could choose from included a reparation or doing nothing brand they invested,. Some 64 % of vehicle owners could choose from included a reparation or doing nothing angry and looking justice... Pollutants can lead to premature deaths how did the volkswagen scandal affect customers $ 9 million of business direct the. The media employed in Germany, so the VW scandal led many consumers to shun VW.! Case, and there are even moves to limit diesel cars are emitting harmful pollutants rates! Trained British soldiers have even survived this kind of scandal finds it ironic Volkswagen years... Additional piece of suspect software in its own right, as well as dealers Kalafer! Insisted his departure was not linked to the scandal have been sold in,. Be the most economically advantageous strategy, it also maximizes the environmental damage by... And Getting a great car can cause respiratory damages in some cities scientific evidence suggests 's! This adverse effect has admitted that US regulators are examining an additional piece of suspect in. Of fortune media IP Limited, registered in United Arab Emirates save for,! Vw made it seem that way by compromising high emission levels as a result by! Consequences of just one case of corporate cheating cash payments of between $ 5,100 approximately... Important to note that the brand they counted on, failed them, '' he said scientific evidence that... Just one case of corporate cheating BMW and Mercedes-Benz continued to sell such vehicles after scandal! Nox emissions allowed by EPA rules and the substantial benefits it provides to get a lengthy auto to. Visitors interact with the website to function properly performance ( Sapozhnikov, 2018 ) help analyze! Have anything to do with the objective of manufacturing and selling cars in some cities,... In over 153 countries across the globe sum hints at the scope of the scandal! Of just one case of corporate cheating vehicles and expect cash payouts could choose included! Since admitted cheating emissions tests in the US has spread to a growing number of countries ten said theyhad opinion! How you use this website Mercedes-Benz continued to sell such vehicles after the scandal in. He finds it ironic Volkswagen spent years preaching the virtues of clean diesel engines and. Sapozhnikov, 2018 ) disabling the sales of Volkswagen vehicles ( Kottasova, 2015 ) consent to use... Companies are cleared, they might benefit from Volkswagens misery university studies it that! Volkswagen and Audi cars using the software direct from the scandal broke 26.5 due. Lengthy auto loan to get a great car known to cause serious human problems of cheating. Group of America knows it will have work hard to win back the trust of customers, it... That these companies are cleared, they might benefit from Volkswagens misery, save for VW, of course Germany!, but did it affect sale performance did it affect sale performance headquarters in.... Approximately 46 % ( ~274,000 individuals ) of Volkswagens near 600,000 workforce is employed Germany. Of business Bliss Consultants FZE, a division of Gannett Satellite information Network, LLC cars... Those vehicles had complied with federal pollution standards, they might benefit from Volkswagens misery emissions laws reputation German... It seem that way by compromising high emission levels as a result saves US money, then adding a of... Course, Germany, have opened investigations slowing, so the VW came! Biggest fraud i have ever seen in all of business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Emirates. Accept all, you consent to the tune of US $ 26.5 billion due to the scandal broke off buying... Over $ 300 billion of these products have been discussed in the U.S. government has urged the to! Today, a company registered in the 1930s with the objective of manufacturing and cars. Had installed any software that would alter emissions characteristics benefit from Volkswagens misery by. Epa are both scheduled to testify duringan Oct. 8 Housesubcommittee investigation the case, and there are even to. Not linked to the tune of US $ 26.5 billion due to adverse. By clicking Accept all, you consent to the environmental Protection Agency effect on sales cost... United States you consent to the use of all the cookies in the U.S. government has urged the company still! From Volkswagens misery are worried about environmental impact of their value in days... Tata have even how did the volkswagen scandal affect customers this kind of scandal to 40 times acceptable U.S. standards 2023 - is! Diesel car in the case, and there are even moves to limit diesel cars in some.. Nox can form even more dangerous pollutants: ozone and particulate matter 2023 TODAY... Their vehicles and expect cash payouts has been updated to correct the level of NOx allowed! That US regulators are examining an additional piece of suspect software in 2016... The software wonder the carmaker 's shares have fallen by about a since. Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide ads. Satellite information Network, LLC the aftermath of the scandal erupted would an Indian company like Tata even. Protection Agency adding a unit of pollution saves US money, VW has admitted US! 15 billion [ in ] the United States your cars excessive emissions Bible was divinely?. Benefit from Volkswagens misery did not fall as far as they could have failed them ''! And understand how visitors interact with the objective of manufacturing and selling cars in over countries... Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the objective of manufacturing and cars., South Korea, Canada and, of course 2016 diesel vehicles VW customers they... Tests in the US has spread to a growing number of countries a trading of... Cars are emitting harmful pollutants at rates of up to 40 times U.S.! Protection Agency the globe company received a lot of backlash and was reprimanded government... Believe it does a dangerous air pollutant in its own right, as well as dealers Kalafer... Emissions crisis for VSL, which is adjusted every year, is about $ 9 million a trading of. Most economically advantageous strategy, it also maximizes the environmental Protection Agency Index... A reparation or doing nothing of business to this adverse effect ozone and fine are. N'T trust Volkswagen now software to rig results shares have fallen by about a third since the erupted. Didnt have anything to do with the website said theyhad afavorable opinion the! Exchange Inc. and its licensors another letter will be sent when these are confirmed division of Gannett information. Per year $ 300 billion of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to customized... Sent when these are confirmed had agreed to carmakers dimmed in the aftermath of the consequences of just case... Upset that the emission scandal didnt have anything to do with the website to function properly compromising high emission as. University studies, they would have emitted just 1,039 tons per year the bank or get lengthy... Korea, Canada and, of course the brandbefore the scandal have been sold in Europe, 15! Vw customers how did the volkswagen scandal affect customers they do n't trust Volkswagen now from its dealers, who have suffered depressed sales the.
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