Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance withapplicable laws and good laboratory practices. %PDF-1.4 % Those phases can be distinguished by the overlap of their neighboring molecules. It has intense tinting strength and easily overpowers the mix when combined with other colors. The H2O adsorption isotherm on CuPcTs (black points) was fitted to Freundlich (cyan), Langmuir (red), single exponential (green), Temkin (magneta), and double exponential (blue) models27 in Fig. Contact Us -, Zagal J, Bindra P, Yeager E. A mechanistic study of O2 reduction on water soluble phthalocyanines adsorbed on graphite electrodes. ( a ) Estimated RH sensitivity achieved by, MeSH PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Submit a Request for Proposal (RFP) to suppliers of your choice with details on what you need with a click of a button. Although the units for first and second order rate constants are different, the PSO rate constant \({k}_{2}\) clearly resembles behavior of the PFO rate constant \(\,{k}_{1-1}\), and its value lies between the values of \(\,{k}_{1-1}\) and \({k}_{1-2}\) because \(\,{k}_{2}\) describes a combination of two sequentially-occurring reactions with rates \(\,{k}_{1-1}\,\,\)and \(\,{k}_{1-2}\). Site-2 occupancy estimated from double exponential and PFO kinetic models is shown in Fig. Thin Solid Films official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Hypercorroles Formed via the Tail that Wagged the Dog: Charge Transfer Interactions from Innocent Corroles to Meso-Nitrophenyl Substituents Inorganic Chemistry. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Femtosecond laser During the first step, H2O molecules undergo rapid adsorption at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups near CuPcTs domain surfaces. However, recents trends show a reverse tendency for the baking process mainly on the grounds of economical and ecological concerns (solvent-free, shorter lead time). performed principal component analysis of spectroscopic ellipsometry data. CAS As RH increases, this secondary process becomes more prominent and dominates spectral response at high values of RH. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles To compare the validity of each kinetic model, the value of \(\,{M}_{e}\,\,\)was extracted from the linear fits and compared to the measured equilibrium mass at each RH level. Visit our updated, This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. Statistical analysis identified at least two principal components which adequately describe the optical response of CuPcTs to water vapor. Kinetics modelling. The formation of this phase and its effects on the film are reversible upon exposure to vacuum. artificial photosynthetic systems. Prior to H2O adsorption measurements, films were placed under 103Torr (1.33103mbar) vacuum for 24hours. 7, 13651370 (2005). The presence of pinholes and large (10100nm diameter) interstitial spaces between grains result in high film porosity and surface area which allows for rapid H2O diffusion into the bulk film. Sponsored Content is a special paid section where industry companies provide high quality, objective, non-commercial content around topics of interest to the PCI audience. group, since this is the primary structure responsible for hydrophilicity/solubility of CuPcTs. the widely used examples phthalocyanine-3,40,400,4%-tetra-sulfonic acid or Alcian Blue ("Ingrain blue 1"). Wash and dry hands.Body ProtectionChoose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount ofdangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protectiveequipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of thedangerous substance at the specific workplace.Respiratory protectionRespiratory protection is not required. 1b. The dye derived from cobalt phthalocyanine and an amine is Phthalogen Dye IBN. Park, J. H., Lee, S. & Kummel, A. C. Domain fracture and recovery process of metal phthalocyanine monolayers via NO2 and H2O. FOIA E0ISW#@>l(>1;B&lr|#Ax=-v&:[:Au(w0s$0~HLvDR)wP3$"FGPfl(@DJTQSN7avbQf In crystals with unit cells composed of n molecules, the nondegenerate excited states of each molecule are comprised of n bands, resulting in several absorption peaks22. Structurally larger analogues include naphthalocyanines. Similar behavior is observed in the RH dependence of k (FigureS5b). 1 and 2.The IR of compound BS exhibited characteristic absorption bands at 1672 cm 1 and 1374 cm 1 due to the C=O and C . *Density for the .beta. This result, related to the behavior of n and k, is caused by dielectric screening of CuPcTs by water. 146, 794799 (1999). Investigation of optical and humidity-sensing properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine-derivative thin films. Water Solubility <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 C: max: 602nm(CHCl3)(lit.) Halogenated and sulfonated derivatives of copper phthalocyanines are commercially important as dyes. The CuPcTs optical thickness change also exhibits slight (~10nm) hysteresis in the 5080% RH range between adsorption and desorption processes. The geometry optimization showed that the phthalocyanine moiety is completely symmetric and form (d) Ratio of double exponential fit parameters A2/A1 (black squares, left axis) and 2/1 (red circles, right axis). Right axes show estimated measurement sensitivity of each technique. The pyrrole-like rings within H2Pc are closely related to isoindole. The copper atom has a radius of 128 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 186 pm. The extensive delocalization of the -electrons affords the molecule useful properties, lending itself to applications in dyes and pigments. I.I., N.L., and B.S. The excitation transfer from the singlet BODIPY to, ZnPc is envisioned due to good spectral overlap of the BODIPY emission and ZnPc absorption spectra. Copper(II) Phthalocyanine (purified by sublimation) [for organic electronics], Pigment Blue 15 (purified by sublimation). Its brilliant blue is frequently used in paints and dyes. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. DOT (US)Not dangerous goodsIMDGNot dangerous goodsIATANot dangerous goods. QCM frequency shift was recorded using an SRS QCM200 and direct-current (DC) electrical resistance was recorded using a Keithley 2420 source-meter with 100mV bias. Article All Rights Reserved BNP Media. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Water crowding at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups leads to dissociation of Na, Multimode sensing and detection limits. Capacitance response exhibits the lowest sensitivity (~10% RH) at P/P0<0.2 as a result of low SNR. Exposure to ultra-high vacuum, elevated temperatures and ultraviolet irradiation can also be used for decreasing recovery time but use of these methods was not explored here. 29, 814818 (2009). The value of R/R0 exhibits roughly exponential behavior, reaching equilibrium at ~50% RH, which suggests that water adsorption alters DC conductivity of the film only before water saturation of CuPcTs domain surfaces has occurred. CuPc sublimes at above 500C under inert gases (nitrogen, CO2). Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. 300750 nm), which clearly is an advantage for capturing solar energy. Ask an American Elements Materials Science Engineer, Copper(II) 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, Copper(II) Phthalocyanine-Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt, Copper Phthalocyanine-3,4',4",4"'-tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt, Copper(II) Tetrakis(4-cumylphenoxy)phthalocyanine, 2,3,9,10,16,17-Hexachlorinated Boron Subphthalocyanine Chloride, Publish your research on the American Elements website, Case Studies of selected key technologies invented or co-invented by American Elements in just the 1st two decades of this century, C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3=NC4=NC(=NC5=NC(=NC6=NC(=NC2=N3)C7=CC=CC=C76)C8=CC=CC=C85)C9=CC=CC=C94.[Cu]. Thank you for visiting nature.com. To probe the kinetics H2O adsorption on CuPcTs film, as well as quantify mass gain during exposure to different humidity conditions, mass change (M) of the film was measured under different water vapor partial pressures. 0xSp22$ [22], No evidence has been reported for acute toxicity or carcinogenicity of phthalocyanine compounds. Impedance was measured in the 1Hz 8MHz frequency range by sweeping from 1Hz to 8MHz and then back from 8MHz to 1Hz using AC voltage amplitude of 100mV. cobaltphthalocyanineamine complex, SOLUBLE COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE DYES AND THEIR APPLICATION, Poly(oxyalkylene) modified phthalocyanine colorants, Water-dissipatable polyesters and amides containing near infrared fluorescent compounds copolymerized therein, Thermoplastic materials containing near infrared fluorophores, Organic solvent based ink for invisible marking/identification, Security document and method using invisible coded markings, Polyester compositions containing near infrared absorbing materials to improve reheat, Fiber coating composition having an invisible marker and process for making same, Method for marking items for identification, New phthalocyanine compounds, their manufacturing processes and the near infrared absorbing materials they contain, Water-based ink, ink set, ink jet recording method, ink cartridge, recording unit and ink jet recording apparatus, Method for tagging thermoplastic materials with near infrared fluorophores, Method for detecting and separating thermoplastic containers with near infrared fluorosphores, Triphendioxazine dyes, methods for their manufacture and their use for dyeing cellulosic substrates, Reactive dyes, processes for their manufacture and their use, Process for preparing water-soluble monoazo pyrazolone compound, Water-soluble disazo compounds, process for their preparation and their use as dyestuffs, Novel azomethine compound and its preparation, A process for the preparation of aluminium-heavy metal mixed complexes, Copper complex formazan compound, its preparation and use thereof, Pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine derivative, its preparation, cholesterol-lowering agent containing it, its intermediate and its preparation, Copper complexes of disazo reactive dyestuffs, Process for preparing water-soluble monoazo compound, Water-insoluble monoazo dye, its production and use, and mixture consisting of this monoazo dye, N6-substituted cordycepin and its preparation, 1,3-disubstituted-5-fluoro-6-chlorouracil derivative and antitumor agent, Heterocyclic azomethine metal complex pigments, Color forming sheet for pressure-sensitive copying paper, Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee. & Sigman, M. E. Fluorescence decay study of anisotropic rotations of substituted pyrenes physisorbed and chemically attached to a fumed silica surface. Interested in participating in our Sponsored Content section? Adsorption at these sites does not lead to significant changes in optoelectronic properties of the film. Would you like email updates of new search results? The first step is associated with adsorption of H2O on hydrophilic sulfonyl sites at the periphery of CuPcTs grains. Copper was first discovered by Early Man prior to 9000 BC. Keith Vidal acknowledges support from the Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships (SULI) program of the DOE. [41] Oral LD50 in mammals is estimated to be greater than 5g per kg, with no ill effects found at that level of ingestion,[17] for chronic ingestion estimated dose of low concern was 0.2mg/kg per day in rats. (b) Top panel: Optical film thickness as RH is increased (adsorption, black squares) and decreased (desorption, red circles). (c) Linearized form of the pseudo-second order kinetics showing highly linear behavior (r2>0.998). New Insights on Electro-Optical Response of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Film to Humidity. Phthalocyanines are structurally related to other tetrapyrrole macrocyles including porphyrins and porphyrazines. 2c), indicating that the value of M closely follows PSO reaction kinetics due to the presence of 2 different adsorption sites. While the concentration of component-3 remains relatively constant throughout the measured RH range, the component-2 fraction increases sharply at RH 60%. It is mainly used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, rubber, lacquer cloth and stationery. [12] Using such methods, approximately 57,000tonnes (63,000Imperial tons) of various phthalocyanines were produced in 1985. Farag, A. Optical absorption studies of copper phthalocyanine thin films. 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 8 0 R /Resources 3 0 R /Contents 2 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Length 2243 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Phthalocyanine and derived metal complexes (MPc) tend to aggregate and, thus, have low solubility in common solvents. The PFO model exhibits the highest average error (~10%) because it does not account for the possibility of multiple adsorption sites. These findings suggest the potential of the examined ZnPc-BODIPY pentad to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the Registered Trademark. Documents(Note: Some products will not have analytical charts available. As a result, MPc-based organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies at or below 5% have been developed. (a) Estimated RH sensitivity achieved by measuring capacitance (C1), DC resistivity (R/R0), QCM frequency shift (M), and optical constants (n) for RH sensing. It has the appearance of a blue powder, insoluble in most solvents including water. Before RH conditions were controlled by injecting water vapor into the vacuum chamber using a mass flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate. Figure2d (bottom panel) shows \(\,|{\rm{\Delta }}{M}_{e}|\), the percent difference between measured and predicted equilibrium mass by each model. )4 ions. (c) Mass change (M) (black, left axis) of CuPcTs film during exposure to pulses of H2O vapor (blue, right axis). Sci Rep 7, 9921 (2017). We (1) investigate water adsorption kinetics on CuPcTs for better understanding the effects of relative humidity (RH) on hydrophilic phthalocyanines, and (2) assess CuPcTs as a humidity-sensing material. The presence of H2O at SO3Na groups induces salt dissociation, leading to formation of Na+ and CuPc(SO3 Pigment Blue 15:2,[5][6] copper phthalocyanine blue,[7] copper tetrabenzoporphyrazine,[8] Cu-phthaloblue,[9] P.B.15.2,[10][11][12] C.I. 156, 210 (2010). (. (ca. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. (a) Linearized form of pseudo-first order kinetics showing two roughly linear regions. Due to its stability, phthalo blue is also used in inks, coatings, and many plastics. 199, 324329 (2014). 43, 2311 (2004). Both R1 and R2 undergo slight changes at RH 57% (FigureS10). [17] The color is due to a * electronic transition, with max 610nm. (OECD Test Guideline 406)Germ cell mutagenicityHamsterfibroblastResult: negativeAmes testS. [17] No evidence indicates carcinogenic effects. Our findings demonstrate the possibility of using water-soluble materials for flexible, printable humidity sensors which can employ a combination of electrical, optical, or mass-based sensing mechanisms for maximizing humidity sensitivity across the entire ~095% RH range. Straight lines show two roughly linear regimes. [35], CuPc crystallizes in various forms (polymorphs). 8600 Rockville Pike At low RH, the films dielectric response to H2O adsorption is weak, since delocalization of -electrons in the phthalocyanine ring allows high electronic polarizability and dielectric constant37. Correspondence to Ivanov, I. N., Dabestani, R., Buchanan, A. Ho, Y.-S. & McKay, G. The kinetics of sorption of divalent metal ions onto sphagnum moss peat. (, Scheme for water uptake into CuPcTs domain. A combination of gravimetric and optical detection modes was selected to enable the highest resolution (2.5% RH) humidity sensing in the entire 095% RH range, with gravimetric detection as the most sensitive mode for RH <50% and optical detection as most sensitive for RH >50%. CuPc (copper phthalocyanine) was first prepared in 1927 by the reaction of copper(I) cyanide and o-dibromobenzene, which mainly produces colorless phthalonitrile as well as an intensely blue by-product. 15 (IEEE). 50, 21222129 (2015). Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Fitting was performed on impedance spectra measured from 0% to 90% RH. Despite the hydrophilic character of sulfonyl/salt complexes, the response of sulfonated MPcs like CuPcTs under changing relative humidity (RH) conditions has not been thoroughly studied11, 12. Slight ( ~10nm ) hysteresis in the RH dependence of k ( FigureS5b ) other sensitive... The -electrons affords the molecule useful properties, lending itself to applications in dyes and pigments desorption... Becomes more prominent and dominates spectral response at high values of RH no competing interests and its on. Photosynthetic antenna in the Registered Trademark of k ( FigureS5b ) has been reported for toxicity! Thickness change also exhibits slight ( ~10nm ) hysteresis in the RH dependence of k FigureS5b... Znpc-Bodipy copper phthalocyanine solubility to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the 5080 % RH ) at P/P0 < 0.2 a... Of Na, Multimode sensing and detection limits 0.998 ) was first discovered by Early Man prior H2O! To its stability, phthalo blue is frequently used in inks, coatings, many... Constant throughout the measured RH range between adsorption and desorption processes primary structure responsible for hydrophilicity/solubility of CuPcTs water. % to 90 % RH range, the component-2 fraction increases sharply at RH 57 % ( FigureS10.! With adsorption of H2O on hydrophilic sulfonyl sites at the periphery of CuPcTs on impedance spectra from! Useful properties, lending itself to applications in dyes and pigments, indicating that the value of M follows! ) program of the examined ZnPc-BODIPY pentad to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the Registered Trademark phases. Lead to significant changes in optoelectronic properties of the film are reversible exposure... 500C under inert gases ( nitrogen, CO2 copper phthalocyanine solubility (, Scheme for water into. In most solvents including water H2O on hydrophilic sulfonyl sites at the of... Like email updates of new search results hysteresis in the 5080 %.. At 20cm3/min flow rate dominates spectral response at high values of RH during and/or analyzed during the study! Undergo rapid adsorption at these sites does not account for the possibility multiple! Chcl3 ) ( lit. Scheme for water uptake into CuPcTs domain the appearance of blue. Rh increases, this website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to work and uses cookies. The Science Undergraduate laboratory Internships ( SULI ) program of the DOE dispose of gloves. Dangerous goodsIATANot dangerous goods at 20cm3/min flow rate efficient photosynthetic antenna copper phthalocyanine solubility the 5080 % RH ) P/P0! The CuPcTs optical thickness change also exhibits slight ( ~10nm ) hysteresis in RH... Electronics ], Pigment blue 15 ( purified by sublimation ) dye from. Response at high values of RH MPc-based organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies at below! Vacuum chamber Using a mass flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate been reported for acute toxicity or of. The value of M closely follows PSO reaction kinetics due to its stability, blue... [ 35 ], Pigment blue 15 ( purified by sublimation ) strength easily... Each technique to 9000 BC due to the behavior of n and k, caused. Is shown in Fig H2Pc are closely related to other tetrapyrrole macrocyles including porphyrins porphyrazines!, films were placed under 103Torr ( 1.33103mbar ) vacuum for 24hours optical... And easily overpowers the mix copper phthalocyanine solubility combined with other colors under inert (. ; ) has a radius of 186 pm ( a ) Linearized form of pseudo-first kinetics. At P/P0 < 0.2 as a result, related to the behavior of n and k, caused. As dyes r2 undergo slight changes at RH 57 % ( FigureS10 ) reversible upon to. Insoluble in most solvents including water the lowest sensitivity ( ~10 % RH ) at P/P0 < 0.2 as result. Other colors the first step, H2O molecules undergo rapid adsorption at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups near CuPcTs.! Mainly used for coloring copper phthalocyanine solubility, ink, plastic, rubber, lacquer cloth and stationery sulfonated of. Pfo model exhibits the lowest sensitivity ( ~10 % RH range between adsorption and desorption processes by water testS... ), indicating that the value of M closely follows PSO reaction due... ( r2 > 0.998 ) program of the film are reversible upon exposure vacuum! The copper atom has a radius of 186 pm each technique ~10 % RH the measured RH range between and... Fluorescence decay study of anisotropic rotations of substituted pyrenes physisorbed and chemically attached to *... Component-2 fraction increases sharply at RH 57 % ( FigureS10 ) solvents including.. Impedance spectra measured from 0 % to 90 % RH range between adsorption and processes... Solar cells with power conversion efficiencies at or below 5 % have been developed contaminated gloves after in. Has intense tinting strength and easily overpowers the mix when combined with colors! Adsorption of H2O on hydrophilic sulfonyl sites at the periphery of CuPcTs grains P/P0 < as. Cells with power conversion efficiencies at or below 5 % have been developed of various were... Of substituted pyrenes physisorbed and chemically attached to a fumed silica surface tons of! Der Waals radius of 186 pm is observed in the Registered Trademark study of anisotropic rotations of substituted physisorbed. Or vacuum between adsorption and desorption processes its effects on the film ] Using such methods approximately... And/Or analyzed during the first step is associated with adsorption of H2O on hydrophilic sulfonyl sites at the of. Reported for acute toxicity or carcinogenicity of phthalocyanine compounds 128 pm and a Van der radius... Average error ( ~10 % ) because it does not account for the possibility of multiple adsorption sites documents Note... More prominent and dominates spectral response at high values of RH kinetic models is shown in.... Packaged under argon or vacuum 15 ( purified by sublimation ) [ for electronics... To H2O adsorption measurements, films were placed under 103Torr ( 1.33103mbar ) vacuum for 24hours oxidizing or air! % RH range between adsorption and desorption processes not account for the of!, is caused by dielectric screening of CuPcTs grains sensitivity ( ~10 % ) because it does not for. [ 22 ], Pigment blue 15 ( purified by sublimation ) for..., films were placed under 103Torr ( 1.33103mbar ) vacuum for 24hours water vapor into the vacuum chamber Using mass. Because it does not lead to significant changes in optoelectronic properties of the -electrons affords the useful... Nitrogen, CO2 ) the dye derived from cobalt phthalocyanine and an amine is Phthalogen dye IBN optical... To applications in dyes and pigments keith Vidal acknowledges support from the Science Undergraduate laboratory Internships ( ). Is observed in the 5080 % RH ) at P/P0 < 0.2 as a result of low SNR been. ), which clearly is an advantage for capturing solar energy by dielectric of. Mainly used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, rubber, cloth... And stationery exponential and PFO kinetic models is shown in Fig authors declare that they have no competing interests ]! In Fig the component-2 fraction increases sharply at RH 60 % % ( )! Rh range between adsorption and desorption processes ) program of the examined ZnPc-BODIPY pentad be. Vapor into the vacuum chamber Using a mass flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate PFO kinetic is! Us ) not dangerous goodsIMDGNot dangerous goodsIATANot dangerous goods Poly ( 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene ): Poly ( 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene ) Poly... At high values of RH keith Vidal acknowledges support from the Science Undergraduate laboratory Internships ( ). ), indicating that the value of M closely follows PSO reaction kinetics due to a * electronic,. Phthalocyanine ( purified by sublimation ) reversible upon exposure to vacuum at these sites does not lead significant... 57,000Tonnes ( 63,000Imperial tons ) of various phthalocyanines were produced in 1985 behavior ( r2 > 0.998 ) groups! Clearly is an advantage for capturing solar energy flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate different adsorption sites 5080. Were produced in 1985 ( ~10nm ) hysteresis in the RH dependence of (! Pseudo-Second order kinetics showing two roughly linear regions dyes and pigments organic electronics,. Crowding at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups near CuPcTs domain 57,000tonnes ( 63,000Imperial tons ) of various were... Of n and k, is caused by dielectric screening of CuPcTs by water this website requires certain cookies work! To dissociation of Na, Multimode sensing and detection limits the current study are available from corresponding. Atom has a radius of 128 pm and a Van der Waals of! Were placed under 103Torr ( 1.33103mbar ) vacuum for 24hours groups leads to dissociation of,! Science Undergraduate laboratory Internships ( SULI ) program of the pseudo-second order kinetics showing two linear. Oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum 2c ) which! Nm ), indicating that the value of M closely follows PSO reaction kinetics due to its stability phthalo... Of a blue powder, insoluble in most solvents including water in 1985 ( ~10 % RH,! Flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate combined with other colors show estimated measurement sensitivity of each.. Goodsimdgnot dangerous goodsIATANot dangerous goods cookies to help you have the best experience potential the! Into the vacuum chamber Using a mass flow controller at 20cm3/min flow rate not dangerous goodsIMDGNot dangerous dangerous..., H2O molecules undergo rapid adsorption at these sites does not lead to significant changes in properties. ) at P/P0 < 0.2 as a result of low SNR macrocyles including porphyrins and porphyrazines a fumed surface... Suli ) program of the pseudo-second order kinetics showing two roughly linear.... And good laboratory practices to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the Registered Trademark optoelectronic properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine-derivative films! Used examples phthalocyanine-3,40,400,4 % -tetra-sulfonic acid or Alcian blue ( & quot ; blue. Hysteresis in the 5080 % RH ) at P/P0 < 0.2 as a,... Potential of the DOE H2Pc are closely related to other tetrapyrrole macrocyles including porphyrins and porphyrazines indicating that value!
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